Year 9: Chapter 4 - Gulargambone - an Australian community facing change

pg 113: 1-11 


1. Drought effects the community as it causes an environmental, economic and social changes within the community.


2. The consequences of the soldier settle blocks being built include drought, a decrease in agriculture and mechanization in agriculture technology.


3. The three main factors which have caused a decline in agriculture include an extended recession, the collapse of wood industry, and rising costs over 20 years.


4. This is because of the decline in sheep numbers to upgrade technology.


5. Lifestyle factors affect people as many of them don't like to live in small towns with limited amount of food supplies and transportation. 


6. The three pieces of evidence are shown to be the overall decline in population, an ageing population and a loss of services for the people who remain in the community.


8. The trend in population over the past 50 years has had a massive decline and then has been picking up over recent years.   


9. This means that there is no actual trend in the population.

10.
a. School enrolments have gone up and then back down but picked itself back up recently
b. These trends are most likely due to loss of services, the droughts and the technology advancements

11. One social factor from change is the population decline, one economic is the loss of services and an environmental factor is the drought.

Year 9: Chapter 4 - Gulargambone - an Australian community facing change

1) rural decline is a country which doesn't have many places to live in such as houses


2) gulargambone is a small rural town located near the castlereagh river


3) its located at 31 20 south and 148 29 east and located 115 kilometres north west


4) soldier settler blocks are places for soldiers to find easy living area/houses


5) economic activities which take place there are agriculture, forestry and tourism


6) the population is 1072 which live in the district


7) CDEP  is community development employment project


8b)
i) north west
ii) north
iii) north west


9
a) 
i) 14818 3118
ii) 14816 3124
iii) 14820 3115


b)
i) 62 53
ii) 63 53
iii) 61 51


c)
 i) 2km
ii) 5km
d) 
i) mainly forest but not many buildings not very dense
ii) railways, building very dense 

Mapping Skills: Geography Preliminary - 2006

Source A-C
What is the predicted population growth rate in 2030? 0.7%
What is the predicted population change in 2030? 60 million
What region of the world is predicted to have the greatest gross increase in percentage between 1800 and 2050? North America

Source D
How many males and females are there in Ethiopia for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? 0.7 million
How many males and females are there in Italy for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? 3.6 million
Why do you think that there is such a difference between these two countries? This is because of the difference between the birth rate and death rate

Source E
What is located at GR831979? Dicks Hill
What is the highest point at AR7997? 490m 
What is the contour interval for the map? 10m
What physical feature is located at GR820975? Sewerage works
Approximately how far is the Laurieton Sporting Complex from Hanleys Point on the Camden Haven Inlet? 1 kilometre
Give the GR for the North Haven Public School. 830000
What is the highest point at Camden Head? Give the height and GR. 25m GR854993

Go Back to Where You Came From Reflection

• What is your reaction to the show? Overall I believe this show makes us, well me very lucky for what I have even if I believe it doesn't seem much. I also felt sad for the people who live like this everyday in poverty.

• What percentage of immigrants are refugees? 1.5%
• Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media? (Give your opinion) In my opinion I feel that Australia does not treat these people the right way and we should do something about it.

• Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees? Australia ranks 18th in accepting refugees.
• To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world? (your opinion) Being in one of the better off countries; We don't try hard enough in solving these 3rd world and inhumane issues which occur around the world.

• How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens? Refugees don't recieve much support compared to Australian citizens as a whole
• How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention? 11 countries are consisted at the moment
• Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugees in Malaysia? Most refugees coming to Australia go through Malaysia meaning that Malaysia wouldn't be safe place to live as a refugee.

Year 9: Australia's Population

1. Demography is the statistical study of human population accounting for all factors which may come in play.

predictions can be drawn of these studies as well as many other statistical foresight regarding to a country's growth in population.

2. 2007 and the population has increased by 2 million on the last 4 years.

3. 750, 000

4. immigration and growth*

5. 66% immigration and 35% from natural birth

6. 2.3 to drop of 2.1   

7. this was caused through the depression which occurred through those few years.

8. 2.3 in households in Australia and 2.69 in american households.

Are we a racist nation?

1. Who is the author and what is his job title? 

   Graeme Innes is the author. Graeme is a Lawyer, Mediator and Company Director. He has been a Human Rights Practitioner for almost 30 years.

2. Who does he work for and what is supposed to do in this job? He is a commissioner and represents the minorities. Graeme works for the Government.
3. What does the author say is often the beginning of a racist comment? Have you every heard anyone use this line to say something racist? If so, what did they say? The begging to a racist comment is often a phrase such as, "I'm not racist but..." No i haven't heard this opening sentence before. 
4. What percent of Australians are born overseas or have an overseas parent? 50 percent of Australians are born overseas or have an overseas born parent.
5. What is a 'monoculture'? Mono culture is a single culture who doesn't like to have any other people with different backgrounds.
6. What are some welcome benefits of online technology? 
7. What are some unwelcome results of online social media?
8. What makes racism online so dangerous?
9. What will help stop racism online?
10. What does the author suggest we need to do to stop racism?

La Nina & El Nino Evaluation

David Falk : 
Overall I think David did well and completed his work on time to a good standard. His job was to do the two World maps and they looked great with a fair amount of information. David had been away for two or so days and he was able to communicate with Jack via phone asking what he had to do. 4/5


Jack Jerman : 
Jack has completed his task to a great standard. He was doing the El Nino fact sheet and the Australia map of El Nino. Jack has communicated well with the group and he has also phoned me during the afternoon about his project. Jack completed his work to a good quality and I am happy with what he has achieved. 4/5

Matt Johnstone :
I have completed my work on time and I believe I completed it to a good standard which I believe my group would be happy with. I have communicated to both Jack and David via phone as David has been away for two days. Overall I think I did well and I think I deserve a 4/5.

How many parts of the project have you complete?

1. World el Nino Map David Falk
2. World la Nina Map David Falk
3. Australia el Nino Map Jack Jerman
4. Australia la Nina Map (w/ natural disaster) Matt Johnstone
5. el Nino Natural Disaster Fact Sheet Jack Jerman
6. la Nina Natural Disaster Fact Sheet Matt Johnstone

2.2 questions

1.       Landslides involve the movement of a mass of rock or sections of the Earth’s crust under the force of gravity.

2.       They can be triggered by natural causes like heavy rainfall saturating the soil, vibrations from earthquakes or undercutting of banks and cliffs from waves or rivers.

3.       Construction of roads and railways on hillsides along with building works can weaken hillsides and make them more vulnerable during heavy rainfall. Mining activities also contribute to the hazard.

4.       They are measured in magnitude.

5.       The causes of earthquakes in Australia is intra-plate tension where movements occur along cracks and faults in the Earth’s crust.

6.       Every 15 months Australia experiences earthquakes of 5.5.

7.       13 people died and over 120 people were injured. It also impacted on buildings.

8.       Landslides are movements on the Earth’s crust and earthquakes are movements below the Earth’s crust.

9.       The movement of the ocean bottom displaces water on the surface, forming a tsunami.

10.   When an earthquake, landslide or volcano occurs under the sea it can trigger a tsunami.

11.   Sudden shifting of continental plates cause earthquakes, forcing sea water above to rise, forming waves.

12.   Shake, Drop and Roar are the three main signs.

13.   A earthquake measured 9.3 caused the tsunami.

14.   There are 23 earthquake monitoring stations in Australia.

15.   The wave slows down as it enters shallow water.

16.   The United Nations a tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean.

17.   Ted Bryant a Wollongong University geoscience professor, studies natural hazards and has warned that tsunamis triggered by New Zealand’s alpine fault line could strike NSW as often as once every 500 years.

18.   A) 10S 100E

B) i)

2.8 questions

1.
a) i) 1016 ii) 1016 iii) 1020 iv) 1022
b) Hobart
c) At the moment there is a high pressure system although in the next 24 hours it is likely to change. There is a low pressure system coming from the Antarctic ocean and it is likely to be bringing colder and unsettled weather conditions such as cloudy skies and rainfall.
d) i)  ii)  iii)
e)

2.5 questions

1. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a large low-pressure centre and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain.

2. They occur anywhere in the tropics.

3. Queensland, Northern Territory and North Western Australia.

4. out of the 10 that form in the Australian region 6 of them cross the coastline.

5. Hurricanes or typhoons.

6. a. tropical    b. moist    c. heat     d. high    e. spiral   f. surface

7. The eye is middle of the cyclone and it is calm and has clear sky.

2.4 questions

1. A flood is caused when water inundates land which is normally dry. Floods are one natural hazard that
many communities have had to learn to deal with.
2. Small rivers and
streams are unable to cope with the sudden volume of water caused by heavy downpours so flooding results.
This happens in urban areas as well when drainage systems become overloaded, resulting in flooding.
3. Inland rivers are usually large and coastal rivers are usually small
4. Destruction to buildings, many deaths and injuries and prices on food and fuel may increase.
5. The town of Katherine received 374 millimetres of rain while the surrounding catchment area received between 400 and 500 millimetres over a short period of time (48 hours). The catchment was already saturated from previous weeks rainfall so most of the new rainfall ran off into the river which quickly caused a flood. The reason it was considered worse than the 2006 flood was because the 1998 flood peaked at 20.3 Metres above its usual flow level, where in 2006 it only peaked at 19 Metres. 
6.  Economic: The flood would of impacted the Economy in Katherine due to the damage caused by the flooding, which cost a lot of money in repair costs.
Social: The social impact was bad because it caused 500 businesses and 1170 homes to be evacuated and Four people were killed as well as flooding the Whole town.
Environmental: The flooding can drown plants and crops and livestock.

7. b) The Coastal gradient was a lot smaller than compared to the Inland River Catchment Gradient.

c) The gradient in a Coast area is a lot smaller so the water hasn't got that much land to pass through before it is cleared, compared to the inland river systems which have thousands of kilometres to pass through.  

10. I had just moved to the town called Katherine, I decided to buy the local Motel because it seemed to be just about the only place tourists would be able to stay meaning it would be money well spent, if not profitable. Little did I know that it was in one of the worse areas if a flood were to occur. It was almost February of 1998, and one of the worst floods I've ever seen hit. 2 Metres of water came rushing through taking cars with it. As soon as I saw the water I knew the damage would be devastation. We moved to the highest floor in the motel avoiding the water, but we could hear it as it seeped through the doors and open windows flooding the motel below us. We came outside to see people crying at the loss of their possessions and one person actually asking why the floods had taken his son. It was truly one of the worse days that Katherine had seen.

2.3 questions

1. A severe storm is characterised by lightning and thunder.
2. 
3. They develop when warm humid air is pushed upward into the atmosphere by converging surface winds. As the air rises the moisture condenses releasing heat energy called latent heat into the air. It causes the air to become more buoyant allowing it to rise further into the atmosphere, up to a height of 12 kilometres.
4. Latent heat is the term used to explain when air rises and the moisture condenses releasing heat energy.
5. Hail is formed 12 km up into the atmosphere.
6. Tornadoes are formed when two different air masses meet.
7. The Bureau of Meteorology issues severe storm warnings based on the information it has available.
8. Severe storms are very unpredictable and are very dangerous as they form quickly and unexpectedly.
9.
a. It was issued at 1.14 pm Monday 13 November 2006
b. Greater Newcastle and Maitland/Cessnock areas.
c. The next warning will be at 2.10 pm.
d. Tell everyone to stay calm, follow the necessary procedures put in place by the school.

Today's weather :) 4/5/11

Today is a quite cool, dry sunny day with minimal cloud cover. The wind is coming from the south-west. There is a minuscule chance of rain meaning it will be a lovely sunny day. 


actual weather

18°C | °F
Current: Partly Cloudy
Wind: S at 29 km/h
Humidity: 68% The clouds today are altostratus and are blue-grey middle level clouds. These clouds usually cover the whole sky. These clouds often form before storms that will produce continuous precipitation.

2.2 questions

1.    Landslides involve the movement of a mass of rock or sections of the Earth’s crust under the force of gravity.

2.    They can be triggered by natural causes like heavy rainfall saturating the soil, vibrations from earthquakes or undercutting of banks and cliffs from waves or rivers.

3.    Construction of roads and railways on hillsides along with building works can weaken hillsides and make them more vulnerable during heavy rainfall. Mining activities also contribute to the hazard.

4.   They are measured in magnitude.

5.   The causes of earthquakes in Australia is intra-plate tension where movements occur along cracks and faults in the Earth’s crust.

6.   Every 15 months Australia experiences earthquakes of 5.5.

7.  13 people died and over 120 people were injured. It also impacted on buildings.

8.  Landslides are movements on the Earth’s crust and earthquakes are movements below the Earth’s crust.

9.  The movement of the ocean bottom displaces water on the surface, forming a tsunami.

10When an earthquake, landslide or volcano occurs under the sea it can trigger a tsunami.

11Sudden shifting of continental plates cause earthquakes, forcing sea water above to rise, forming waves.

12Shake, Drop and Roar are the three main signs.

13A earthquake measured 9.3 caused the tsunami.

14There are 23 earthquake monitoring stations in Australia.

15The wave slows down as it enters shallow water.

16The United Nations a tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean.

17Ted Bryant a Wollongong University geoscience professor, studies natural hazards and has warned that tsunamis triggered by New Zealand’s alpine fault line could strike NSW as often as once every 500 years.

18A) 10S 100E   B) i) 3 hours ii) 7 hours iii) 5 hours iv) 10 hours

1914th October 1968, the small town of Meckering, about 130 km east of Perth, was destroyed by an earthquake. The magnitude of the Meckering earthquake was 6.9 on the scale making it one of the largest recorded in the history of Australia. The earthquake lasted 45 seconds and was felt over an area of 700kms in radius and caused damage in many towns. The earthquake focus was 7km deep.
20.  

Deadly Storms in the US

More than 160 tornadoes were reported throughout the South Wednesday night.  The storms caused deaths in Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Georgia, Arkansas, Virginia, Louisiana and Kentucky. 339 people were killed across the south, 200 of them were from Alabama and 36 of those in Tuscaloosa. Whole neighborhoods were flattened, leaving piles of debris around the city and about one million people in the state without electricity. The president has called the loss of life from the storms heartbreaking.   

Cyclones

Economic: Economic impacts of cyclones

Insurance

Losses to insurance companies: example: new Orleans.

 In the 2005 cyclone in new Orleans the insurance companies could not afford to pay out their customers. They now do not offer home and contents insurance if you buys a house in louisana.

It is highly risky to grant a mortgage to a household without insurance.

Therefore, buying land is near impossible.

This leads to an enormous decline in house prices, and the financial decline of all people who live in this area, leading to a decline in tax revenue for the government, and the depletion of every aspect of public services from a lack of revenue.

A decline is wealth decreases the likelihood of people being able to find a job.

Regional government

Regional government have to ensure that all of the correct services are receved and that the resontruction effort is conducte correctly. This can cause enourmous budgetary strain.

Example: in the 2010 floods and cyclones in queensland, the federal government wanted to continue the effort to rebuild, however they also wished to ensure that they meet their goal of reaching a surplus by 2012

Social:Social affects from Tropical Cyclones

·         The destruction of buildings, resulting in people finding themselves homeless.

·         The wiping out of businesses or agricultural crops. Some families could be left without an income.

·         Tropical cyclones would result in loss of lives and death.

·         There would be a loss of food supplies can which could lead to starvation. The water may be contaminated which would affect people’s health.

·         The cost of living would increase. Food, petrol etc. These would cost more.

Environmental: Environmental impacts of a Cyclone

1.       Alternate Factors

Cyclones have the ability to cause several other natural occurrences... These include floods, strong winds, heavy rain, and many other atmospherically disastrous events

2.       Widespread Destruction

Cyclones cause widespread destruction. They have the ability to ruin forests and natural reefs; basically areas of environmental significance. As forests can become uprooted and reefs can be totally destroyed.

3.       Dispersing Life

As a result of a cyclone life can end up in places it otherwise wouldn’t. Seeds can be dispersed over sea, causing life to sprout in unusual places. In some cases fish or frogs have been reported to rain from the sky! This can damage the local environment; plants can be considered pests in alternate countries.

4.       Loss of life

Some of the effects of a cyclone can be quite obvious. Especially the loss of animal life. The morning following Cyclone Tracy, silence was reported. In areas usually rich in bird life, the lack of noise was quite disturbing.

5.        Waste distribution

Cyclones can cause a lot of damage. Appropriately the majority of rubbish and waste the cyclone collects is distributed over a large amount of area. Because of the fact that cyclones are often located near the coast this waste is distributed [mostly] into the ocean. Additionally sewage can be made to leak, once again into the ocean. This contaminates the water, causing disruption  to the food chain.

2.1 Natural hazards in Australia

1. A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment.
2. A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. A natural disaster is when a natural hazard impacts on an Australian community.
3. Those related to weather and climatic factors and those related to movements in the Earth’s crust.
4. Weather - drought, flood, heatwaves, bushfires, strong winds, storms, tropical cyclones and tornados. Earth's crust - landslides, earth tremors, earthquakes and tsunamis.
5. It would be more noticeable because of the amount of people affected by the hazard.
6. Livestock and crops would die and droughts cause heat from the sun leading to bushfires.  
7. There are three types which include Social impacts—loss of life, and stresses placed on families and people, as well as the destruction of community structures and facilities. Economic impacts—such as the loss of income for people or damage to an industry, loss and destruction of property, and insurance losses. Environmental impacts—the destruction of the natural and human environment. 
8. It is important to study natural hazards so we know what can happen and how to deal with it when it happens.
9. It is used to predict where a natural hazard may occur and how likely it is to occur.
10. 
a. The most costly would include tropical cyclones, floods and bushfires.
b. Heatwaves were responsible for the greatest loss of human life in the 20th century.
11. 
a. Local councils - Set up to prepare for the natural hazards. 
b. State governments -  
c. Emergency services - They could place emergency services near areas where there is likely to be natural hazards.  
d. Insurance companies - 

1.11 Australia's Energy Resources

1- coal, oil and gas
2- solar, wind and hydro-electricity
3- They are trying to develop clean energy sources to prevent greenhouse gases and global warming within Australia
4- Australia, China, the United States and India
5- 76 billion tonnes
6- 5 billion dollars worth
7- The solar power plant near Mildura will use technology developed to power satellites and consist of fields of mirrors each covering 0.8 square kilometres. The sun's energy will be concentrated using cells that produce 1500 times more energy than a typical rooftop solar panel.
8- Well large turbines are turned by the wind, generating electricity
9- Advantages- Saves energy, good way to produce electricity, prevent global warming and greenhouse gases in Australia 
Disadvantages- expensive, wastes space and if there is no wind then the electricity won't work
10- The sources such as hydro, solar and wind energy is are very good  for Australia because they are renewable.
13- The gas fields are situated on the coast of Western Australia, to the North West part of Australia, In the centre between Queensland and NSW and on the coast of Victoria. The gas pipeline runs through these gas fields.
14-
a)
i- $16.5 billion
ii- $5.5 billion
iii- $2.5 billion
b)
i- $25 billion
ii- $6 billion
iii- $2.8 billion
c) Coal had the greatest increase

1.10 Australia's natural resources

1. Resources are any materials that can be used by humans.
2. Living resources, such as trees and fish, are renewable sources as they can be reproduced within a human lifetime. Non-living resources,such as coal and oil, are non-renewable as they take thousands or even millions of years to form and cannot be reproduced within our lifetime.
3. Renewable resources can become non-renewable through over-exploitation.
4. Healthy soil is a necessary resource as it is the basis for Australia’s agricultural industries. Soil is also important in the water cycle.
5. Silviculture in the dictionary is the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests.
6. Australia has nearly 1.7 million square kilometres of forest.
7. Australia’s fishing and aquaculture industries are worth more than $2 billion.
8. A limit was set that only 5265 tonnes for the southern blue fin tuna were allowed to be fished in 2006.
9. Australia is has the largest resources in bauxite, iron ore, lead, zinc, silver, uranium and some mineral sands.
10. Australia's demonstrated reserves are increasing because of improved technologies. 
11. Australia's forests cover over 164.4 million hectares of land. That means that a forest per person is 8.2 hectares. The Native forest area covers 162.7 million hectares while the Plantation forest area covers 1.7 million hectares. 
12. Uranium is a valuable resource because scientists figured out that it release's huge amounts of power. Uranium can also be used for nuclear weapons and is worth a lot of money.  
13. World heritage sites are valuable resources because they attract tourists.
14. I think mining for Uranium would disfigure the Earth and Landscape.
15. Australia's main fishing zones are spread throughout the country. 
16.
a. The uranium reserves are spread out over Australia and there is a bunch in the centre of Australia.
b. The former uranium mine in located in South Australia is Radium Hill.
c. The uranium mine in the Northern Territory is the Ranger.
17. 
18.
a.
i. In 1986 it was around 290-300 million dollars.
ii. In 1996 it was around 250 million dollars.
iii. In 2006 it was around 650 million dollars.
b. The average from 1997 to 2006 was 382 million dollars.
c. The trend in value started off fairly high, and dropped during the 1990's and then rose back up to over 500 million at the begging of the 2000's. 

The Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan

1. Sendai

2. The size of the earthquake was 9.0 magnitude.

3. Sendai was one of the most affected areas. The Earthquake and Tsunami took many lives and ripped many houses and buildings down. This image shows a lady in her house which has been destroyed to pieces.

4. Part of a nuclear power plant was blown up.

1.7 Australia's unique flora and fauna

1. Australia has been an isolated continent for 50 million years. The plants and animals have evolved separately  from those in other parts of the world. Many of them are unique to Australia.
2. In addition, due to the stability of the continent, there are ancient species that have survived for millions of years.
3. A plant that is native to a certain limited area.
4. 85 per cent of the flowering plants, 82 per cent of the mammals and 89 per cent of the reptiles are believed to be endemic to Australia.
5. Great Barrier Reef and tropical rainforest's of Queensland and the South-west Botanical Rovince of Western Australia. The are all areas with great biodiversity. 
6. The richest insect of fauna can be found in the Tropical Rainforest.
7. Marsupials are pouched animals. These include koalas as well as many species of kangaroo, wallaby and possum.
8. Monotremes are egg laying mammals. These include the duck-billed platypus and two species of echidna.
9. The difference between a kangaroo and a wallaby is that a wallaby is much smaller than a kangaroo and prefer more rugged terrain, where as the larger kangaroos can be found on grassy plains. 
10. The Duck- Billed Platypus: This platypus is around 50cm long and weighs around 1-2 kg, which is much larger than the female. The fur of the platypus is very dense, dark brown and waterproof fur in three layers helps it through cold temperatures. Its paddle-like tail is used as a rudder and to move soil when burrowing. The platypus has two nostrils on the bill and its ear openings close when diving. Its blue-grey, sensitive bill helps it detect prey. The platypus has small, beady eyes which are very sensitive to movement. It's eyes are also closed when diving. Female lays 2-3 eggs in a burrow. Back feet have claws to helps it steer in the water when swimming. The spurs on the male's become poisonous in breeding season. The platypus is the only venomous furred animal. Low body temperature of 32ºC reduces loss of body heat in water.
11. The Waratah

Soil
Waratahs are very subject to root decomposition and therefore need great requirements. They need to be grown in deep, sandy drained soil.
Climate
Waratahs need to be kept in cold to semi-tropical climates.
Characteristics
The Waratah can adapt to various situations. It can adapt to either full sun or shade. The Waratah flower is healthier in the sun, although they must be protected from strong westerly winds.
Reproduction
Waratahs can be grown from cuttings. Fresh seed grows in 2-3 weeks. A Waratah should be watered every couple of days until it is fully grown.